Water turbines are mechanical devices that convert the kinetic and potential energy of flowing or falling water into mechanical energy, which is typically used to generate electricity. They operate by directing water through blades or vanes, causing the turbine to spin and drive a connected generator. Common types include impulse turbines, like Pelton wheels, for high-head, low-flow conditions, and reaction turbines, like Francis or Kaplan turbines, for lower-head, high-flow situations. Water turbines are integral to hydroelectric power plants and play a critical role in sustainable energy production worldwide.